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Abbreviations ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 ACAT acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase APN adiponectin ApoE -/- apolipoprotein E-deficient APPL activating the leucine zipper motif ASC apoptotic speck containing protein Bax Bcl-2-associated x Bcl B-cell lymphoma BP body pressure BW body weight CaMK calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CD31 cell adhesion molecule C/EBP β CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β CREB cAMP response element binding-protein CKD chronic kidney disease CRP C-reactive protein CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte CVD cardiovascular diseases CVOT cardiovascular outcomes trials CXCR C-X-C motif receptor eNOS endothelial NO synthase ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase FOXO forkhead box O GLP-1RA receptor agonists for hormone glucagon like peptide-1 HDAC4 histone deacetylase 4 HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 ICAM-1 intracellular adhesion molecule-1 IFN interferon IL interleukin iNKT invariant natural killer T iNOS inducible NOS JAK Janus kinase JNL Jun NH2-terminal kinase KLF2 Kruppel-like factor 2 LDLr -/- low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient MACE major cardiovascular events MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinases MGL-1 macrophage galectin-1 MI myocardial infarction MMP matrix metalloproteinase MRC-1 mannose receptor-1 mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin NF-κB nuclear factor-κB NLRP3 Nod-like receptor protein 3 NOR1 neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 Nox4 NADPH oxidase 4 Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ox-LDL oxidized-LDL PAI plasminogen activator inhibitor PARP-1 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 PINK1 the mitochondrial kinase PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase PKA protein kinase A PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor P10 cleaved caspase 1 P4HA1 prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 p70S6K p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase Rac1 Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAGE receptor AGE RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand Rho the small GTPase ROCK Rho kinase ROS reactive oxygen species RyR2 the type 2 ryanodine receptor SDF stromal cell-derived factor SREBP1 element binding transcription factor 1 SIRT sirtulin α-SMA alpha smooth muscle actin SM22α sensitive 22 kDa actin-binding protein of the calponin STAT cAMP-PKA-signal transducers and activators of transcription TGF transforming growth factor TIMP tissue inhibitor of MMPs TNF tumor necrosis factor Treg regulatory T cell TXNIP thioredoxin-interacting protein T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus VAM vascular adhesion molecule VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 VSMC vascular smooth muscle cells References 1.Barquera S, Pedroza-Tobías A, Medina C, Hernández-Barrera L, Bibbins-Domingo K, Lozano R, Moran AE

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It has been studied for modest effects on energy expenditure and appetite suppression